![]() The primary exposure to SHS is inhalation whereas for THS it can be inhalation, dermal uptake or ingestion. It is reported that there exists a close relationship between SHS and THS and are found to coexist in the initial period of THS formation in polluted indoors where smoking episodes take place 5. The most troubling feature of TSNAs is their longevity once formed from burned cigarettes 13. The other constituents include hydrogen cyanide, toluene, butane, lethal metals like lead and arsenic, carbon monoxide gas, and traces of polonium-210 an extremely radioactive carcinogen. Other than nicotine and tobacco specific nitrosamines, THS constituents identified include 3-ethenylpyridine (3- EP), phenol, cresols, formaldehyde, and naphthalene 12. As the infusion of ozone into water (ozonation) is a common mode of management of disagreeable smells related to tobacco smoke remnants in apartments and hotels, this also creates significant health issues 9, 10. ![]() ![]() Cotinine, formaldehyde, n-methyl-formamide, and nicotinaldehyde are other byproducts of this reaction. When nicotine combines with ozone, the reaction generates secondary organic aerosols. Additionally, nicotine reacts with nitrous acid, associated with outdoor or indoor sources, to produce NNK. Moreover, nicotine, a contaminant in the original mixture of thirdhand smoke has the potential to react with general indoor contaminants to form supplementary lethal compounds. On chemical ageing, thirdhand smoke composition gets transformed with time and the compounds become more toxic. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and other unstable organic compounds (e.g. THS includes highly mutagenic and carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) like nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK), lethal metals, alkaloids like nicotine, general combustion products of organic materials (e.g. Around two-thirds of the PAHs in cigarette smoke are deposited onto surfaces in the environment 10. Incomplete pyrolysis of organic materials results in the production of PAHs 10, 14- 16. Cigarette smoke is an established source of carcinogens, especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 12, 13. Thirdhand smoke (THS) comprises an active mixture of volatile, semi-volatile and non-volatile chemicals which exhibits aging chemically 10, 11. This review gives an elaborated insight on the sources and routes of exposure, composition and toxicity of THS along with its mitigation measures. Thus, THS, also called as aged tobacco smoke or residual SHS 5, 9, could be either the tobacco residue or stale or aged secondhand smoke or both. 8 as residual tobacco smoke pollutants that remain on surfaces and in dust after tobacco has been smoked. Thirdhand smoke refers to the surface contamination produced by the emission of components in SHS and by products of their chemical transformations, and the off-gassing of volatile components into the atmosphere 7. Thirdhand smoke (THS) on the other hand is deposition and surface accretion of SHS, which gradually becomes more toxic with time 6. Passive smoking, also called as involuntary smoking, otherwise known as secondhand smoking (SHS) occurs by the passive inhalation of environmental smoke which is a blend of the sidestream smoke (smoke released from the burning end of cigarette, pipe, or cigar) and the mainstream smoke exhaled from the lungs of smokers 4, 5. Numerous ill effects are reported both with active as well as passive smoking 3. ![]() The worldwide statistics projects that the number of smokers would rise to more than 1.6 billion by 2025 2. Basically, development of a ‘smoking epidemic’ in a population can be defined in these stages: an initial rise of smoking prevalence and then a decline phase in its prevalence, followed by a similar trend in smoking related diseases two to three decades later 1. Cigarette smoking, an established etiological factor of mortality and morbidity around the globe is a preventable epidemic.
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